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Added explanations of field count values for ProRes. Added display dimensions of HD source to accommodate video formats that use non-square pixels, for example, in broadcast dimensions. Added Audio Description (AD) requirements for film. Clarified music video screen capture image.
In photography and videography, multi-exposure HDR capture is a technique that creates extended or high dynamic range (HDR) images by taking and combining multiple exposures of the same subject matter at different exposure levels. Combining multiple images in this way results in an image with a greater dynamic range than what would be possible by taking one single image. The technique can also be used to capture video by taking and combining multiple exposures for each frame of the video. The term \"HDR\" is used frequently to refer to the process of creating HDR images from multiple exposures. Many smartphones have an automated HDR feature that relies on computational imaging techniques to capture and combine multiple exposures.
A single image captured by a camera provides a finite range of luminosity inherent to the medium, whether it is a digital sensor or film. Outside this range, tonal information is lost and no features are visible; tones that exceed the range are \"burned out\" and appear pure white in the brighter areas, while tones that fall below the range are \"crushed\" and appear pure black in the darker areas. The ratio between the maximum and the minimum tonal values that can be captured in a single image is known as the dynamic range. In photography, dynamic range is measured in exposure value (EV) differences, also known as stops.
Modern CMOS image sensors have improved dynamic range and can often capture a wider range of tones in a single exposure[8] reducing the need to perform multi-exposure HDR. Color film negatives and slides consist of multiple film layers that respond to light differently. Original film (especially negatives versus transparencies or slides) feature a very high dynamic range (in the order of 8 for negatives and 4 to 4.5 for slides).
Any camera that allows manual exposure control can perform multi-exposure HDR image capture, although one equipped with automatic exposure bracketing (AEB) facilitates the process. Some cameras have an AEB feature that spans a far greater dynamic range than others, from 0.6 at the low end to 18 EV in top professional cameras, as of 2020.[update][10] Images from film cameras generally are less suitable as the captured images require a prerequisite step of scanning and digitization so that they can later be processed using software HDR methods.
The exposure value (EV) refers to the amount of light applied to the active element, whether film or digital sensor such as a CCD. An increase of one stop represents a doubling of the amount of light captured. Conversely, a decrease of one stop represents a halving of the amount of light. Therefore, revealing detail in the darkest of shadows requires an increased EV, while preserving detail in very bright situations requires very low EVs.
Color film capable of directly recording high-dynamic-range images was developed by Charles Wyckoff and EG&G \"in the course of a contract with the Department of the Air Force\".[35] This XR film had three emulsion layers, an upper layer having an ASA speed rating of 400, a middle layer with an intermediate rating, and a lower layer with an ASA rating of 0.004. The film was processed in a manner similar to color films, and each layer produced a different color.[36] The dynamic range of this extended range film has been estimated as 1:108.[37] It has been used to photograph nuclear explosions,[38] for astronomical photography,[39] for spectrographic research,[40] and for medical imaging.[41] Wyckoff's detailed pictures of nuclear explosions appeared on the cover of Life magazine in the mid-1950s.
The advent of consumer digital cameras produced a new demand for HDR imaging to improve the light response of digital camera sensors, which had a much smaller dynamic range than film. Steve Mann developed and patented the global-HDR method for producing digital images having extended dynamic range at the MIT Media Lab.[48] Mann's method involved a two-step procedure: First, generate one floating point image array by global-only image operations (operations that affect all pixels identically, without regard to their local neighborhoods). Second, convert this image array, using local neighborhood processing (tone-remapping, etc.), into an HDR image. The image array generated by the first step of Mann's process is called a lightspace image, lightspace picture, or radiance map. Another benefit of global-HDR imaging is that it provides access to the intermediate light or radiance map, which has been used for computer vision, and other image processing operations.[48]
Cinematographers film motion pictures. They usually work with a team of camera operators and assistants. Cinematographers determine the angles and types of equipment that will best capture a shot. They also adjust the lighting in a shot, because that is an important part of how the image looks.
The amount of light captured while taking a photo is known as the exposure, and it's affected by three things - the shutter speed, the aperture diameter, and the ISO or film speed. These are all measured using different units, so the concept of \"stops\" was invented as a convenient way to compare them.
Infrared photography has always been a unique and niche art form, allowing a photographer to capture images seemingly from another dimension. I say niche because capturing that \"perfect\" image requires a different approach to pre-visualizing your scene, an understanding of the limitations of infrared and the ability to adjust your settings effectively for changing conditions. For these reasons many photographers are reluctant to give IR film a try. This article will not only demonstrate the benefits of learning the discipline of Infrared film photography but also show that even a first timer like myself can get outstanding results by following a few basic principles.
Because infrared light is invisible to the human eye, to capture it on an IR sensitive film like Ilford SFX we need a filter to block out visible light but allow the IR to pass through to the film plane. Filters come in different strengths, for example the weakest, a 550 nanometer allows the most visible light through to give the least drastic effect while allowing higher shutter speeds.
For instance, if you wanted to create a unique film grain preset, you would add it to the Film Grain Tool. You can stack your styles and presets to create more unique edits for your images without spending hours adjusting each one manually.
Retro film styles like Kodak Portra, Ektachrome 1970, Fuji Neopan 1600 and many others are popular photo edits these days. Rather than creating these vintage film looks yourself, you can find and apply a Style that will give your image the same filmic appearance.
In reaction to previous forms of documentary and to changing camera technology, both Direct Cinema and Cinema Verite movements started to appear in the 1960s that embraced observational documentary -- that is, the filmmaker observing truth by letting the camera capture its subjects uninterrupted. The seminal film Salesman from the Maysles Brothers and Charlotte Zwerin features all the skinny ties, cigarettes, and overized bibles you could ever want as seen in this brilliant trailer. 153554b96e
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