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Although kathoey is often translated as 'transgender woman' in English, this term is not correct in Thailand. As well as transgender people, the term can refer to gay men, and was originally used to refer to intersex people.[4] Before the 1960s, the use of kathoey included anyone who deviated from the dominant sexual norms.[5] Because of this confusion in translation, the English translation of kathoey is usually 'ladyboy' (or variants of the term).
Kathoeys are more visible and more accepted in Thai culture than transgender people are in other countries in the world. Several popular Thai models, singers, and movie stars are kathoeys, and Thai newspapers often print photographs of the winners of female and kathoey beauty contests side by side. The phenomenon is not restricted to urban areas; there are kathoeys in most villages, and kathoey beauty contests are commonly held as part of local fairs.
Kathoeys currently face many social and legal impediments. Families (and especially fathers) are typically disappointed if a child becomes a kathoey, and kathoeys often have to face the prospect of disclosing their birth sex. However, kathoey generally have greater acceptance in Thailand than most other East Asian countries.[16] Problems can also arise in regards to access to amenities and gender allocation.
Many kathoey work in predominately female occupations, such as in shops, restaurants, and beauty salons, but also in factories (a reflection of Thailand's high proportion of female industrial workers).[17] Discrimination in employment is rampant as many perceive kathoeys as having mental problems and refuse to hire them.[18] For this reason, many kathoeys are only able to find work in sex and entertainment industries.[18] These sorts of jobs include tourist centers, cabarets, and sex work.[18] Kathoeys who work in the tourism sector must conform to a physical image that is preferred by tourists.[18]
The criminal justice sector relies on identification cards when deciding where to detain individuals.[19] This means that kathoeys are detained alongside men.[19] By law, women are not allowed to be detained alongside men, and since kathoeys are not legally classified as women, they reside in the male section in prison.[19] Within prison, kathoeys are forced to cut their hair and abide by strict rules governing gender expression.[19] Additionally, they are denied access to hormones and other \"transition-related health care\".[19]
Transgender individuals were automatically exempted from compulsory military service in Thailand. Kathoeys were deemed to suffer from \"mental illness\" or \"permanent mental disorder\".[23] These mental disorders were required to appear on their military service documents, which are accessible to future employers. In 2006, the Thai National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) overturned the use of discriminatory phraseology in Thailand's military service exemption documents.[23] With Thai law banning citizens from changing their sex on their identification documents, everyone under the male category must attend a \"lottery day\" where they are randomly selected to enlist in the army for two years. In March 2008, the military added a \"third category\" for transgender people that dismissed them from service due to \"illness that cannot be cured within 30 days\".[24] In 2012, the Administrative Court ruled that the Military and Defense needed to revise the reasoning for their exemption of kathoeys from the military.[19] As such, kathoeys are now exempt from the military under the reasoning that their \"gender does not match their sex at birth\".[19]
Kathoeys began to gain prominence in the cinema of Thailand during the late-1980s.[25] The depiction at first was negative by showing kathoeys suffering bad karma, suicide, and abandoned by straight lovers.[25] Independent and experimental films contributed to defying sexual norms in gay cinema in the 1990s.[26] The 2000 film The Iron Ladies, directed by Yongyoot Thongkongtoon, depicted a positive portrayal of an almost entirely kathoey volleyball team by displaying their confidence.[25] The rising middle-class in Bangkok and vernacular queer culture made the mainstream portrayal of kathoeys more popular on television and in art house cinemas.[27]
Feminine beauty in Thailand allowed transgender people to have their own platform where they are able to challenge stereotypes and claim cultural recognition.[28] Miss Tiffany's Universe is a beauty contest that is opened to all transgender women. Beginning in 1998, the pageant takes place every year in Pattaya, Thailand during May. With over 100 applicants, the pageant is considered to be one of the most popular transgender pageants in the world. Through beauty pageants, Thailand has been able to promote the country's cosmetic surgery industry, which has had a massive increase in medical tourism for sex reassignment surgery. According to the Miss Tiffany's Universe website, the live broadcast attracts record of fifteen million viewers. The winner of the pageant receives a tiara, sash, car, grand prize of 100,000 baht (US$3,000), equivalent to an annual wage for a Thai factory worker.[29] The assistant manager director, Alisa Phanthusak, stated that the pageant wants kathoeys to be visible and to treat them as normal.[2] It is the biggest annual event in Pattaya.[30]
In 2004, the Chiang Mai Technology School allocated a separate restroom for kathoeys, with an intertwined male and female symbol on the door. The school's fifteen kathoey students were required to wear male clothing at school but were allowed to sport feminine hairdos. The restroom featured four stalls, but no urinals.[31]
Following the 2006 Thai coup d'état, kathoeys are hoping for a new third sex to be added to passports and other official documents in a proposed new constitution.[32] In 2007, legislative efforts have begun to allow kathoeys to change their legal sex if they have undergone genital reassignment surgery; this latter restriction was controversially discussed in the community.[33]
Activism in Thailand is discouraged if it interferes with official policy.[36] In January 2006, the Thai Network of People Living With HIV/AIDS had their offices raided after demonstrations against Thai-US foreign trade agreements.[36] Under the Thai Constitution of 1997, the right to be free of discrimination based on health conditions helped to minimize the stigma against communities living with HIV/AIDS.[36] In most cases, governments and their agencies fail to protect transgender people against these exclusions.[8] There is a lack of HIV/AIDS services for specifically transgender people and feminizing hormones largely go without any medical monitoring.[8]
Trans prejudice has produced discriminatory behaviors that have led to the exclusion of transgender people from economic and social activity.[37] World-wide, transgender people face discrimination amongst family members, religious settings, education, and the work-place.[8] Accepted mainly in fashion-related jobs or show business, people who are transgender are discriminated against in the job market and have limited job opportunities.[35] Kathoeys have also experienced ridicule from coworkers and tend to have lower salaries.[10] Long-term unemployment reduces the chances of contributing to welfare for the family and lowers self-esteem, causing a higher likelihood of prostitution in specialized ladyboy bars.[8] \"Ladyboy\" bars also can provide a sense of community and reinforces a female sense of identity for kathoeys.[8] Harassment from the police is evident especially for kathoeys who work on the streets.[8] Kathoeys may be rejected in official contexts being rejected entry or services.[10]
Social spaces are often limited for kathoeys even if Thai society does not actively persecute them.[10] Indigenous Thai cultural traditions have given a social space for sexual minorities.[8] In January 2015, the Thai government announced it would recognize the third sex in its constitution in order to ensure all sexes be treated equally under the law.[2]
Ladyboys, also a popular term used in Thailand when referring to transgender women, was the title of a popular documentary in the United Kingdom, where it was aired on Channel 4 TV in 1992 and was directed by Jeremy Marre. Marre aimed to portray the life of two adolescent kathoeys living in rural Thailand, as they strove to land a job at a cabaret revue in Pattaya.
In series 1, episode 3 of British sitcom I'm Alan Partridge, the protagonist Alan Partridge frequently mentions ladyboys, seemingly expressing a sexual interest in them.[citation needed]
\"Uncle Go Paknam\", created by Pratchaya Phanthathorn, is a popular non-heterosexual advice column that first appeared in 1975 in a magazine titled Plaek, meaning 'strange'.[5] Through letters and responses it became an outlet to express the desires and necessities of the non-heterosexual community in Thailand.[5] The magazine achieved national popularity because of its bizarre and often gay content.[5] It portrayed positive accounts of kathoeys and men called \"sharks\" to view transgender people as legitimate or even preferred sexual partners and started a more accepting public discourse in Thailand.[5] Under the pen name of Phan Thathron he wrote the column \"Girls to the Power of 2\" that included profiles of kathoeys in a glamorous or erotic pose.[5] \"Girls to the Power of 2\" were the first accounts of kathoey lives based on interviews that allowed their voices to be published in the mainstream press of Thailand.[5] The heterosexual public became more inclined to read about transgender communities that were previously given negative press in Thai newspapers.[5] Go Paknam's philosophy was \"kathoeys are good (for men).\"[5] 59ce067264
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